Human activities are increasingly leading to the deterioration of habitats and the loss of species around the world. Conservation efforts were initially mainly focused on individual species protected in remote environments such as nature reserves, but now encompass a much wider set of goals and activities, as reflected in the Aichi biodiversity targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Using the idea of ecosystem services, some conservationists are trying to emphasize the importance of natural systems to human well-being, although others are concerned about “putting a price on nature.” How well do we understand the systems we are trying to protect? Which metrics and tools are best suited for determining the state of ecosystems, and how can economic demands and conservation goals be reconciled?
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